As online video becomes the dominant form of internet traffic, digital media platforms face growing pressure to deliver smooth, high-quality experiences across increasingly crowded networks. Viewers now expect instant playback, sharp visuals, and zero interruptions, regardless of device, location, or network conditions. Yet bandwidth remains a limited and shared resource.…

Introduction Digital entertainment has become one of the most powerful industries in the world. Millions of people watch films, live sports, news, documentaries, and series every day using internet-based platforms. This convenience has reshaped how society consumes content, removing geographical barriers and giving viewers instant access to global media libraries.…

Introduction: A Fundamental Shift in How Video Reaches Viewers For more than two decades, online video delivery has relied heavily on centralised data centres and traditional content distribution models. Large server farms processed requests, pushed video streams across vast distances, and handled millions of users simultaneously. While this approach enabled…